Linking the Subsurface Indian Ocean Dipole to Central Pacific ENSO

We identified a remote linkage from the Central Pacific (CP) El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to subsurface Indian Ocean dipole (Sub-IOD) occurring in winter-to-spring. Although most Sub-IOD events co-occur with surface (IOD) autumn, some develop independently These spring Sub-IODs are usually accompanied by CP ENSO event that develops winter, peaks early spring, and has more westward-located sea temperature anomaly over central equatorial (around 180°E). The accompanying zonal wind anomalie during these western Niño (La Niña) contributes an anomalous descending (ascending) branch of Walker circulation Indo-Pacific region easterly (westerly) anomalies winter following spring. This helps trigger positive (negative) event.